If you've ever thought "this feels like torture" while on a treadmill, you're more right than you know. Treadmills were literally invented in 1818 as prison punishment devices designed to break inmates' spirits through grueling, pointless labor. The machine you use for exercise was originally built to make people suffer.
The penal treadmill was created by British engineer Sir William Cubitt after he visited a prison and noticed inmates sitting around idle. His solution was to strap them onto a giant wooden wheel and force them to climb endlessly—like a human-sized hamster wheel. The machine had 24 wooden steps mounted on a rotating cylinder, and prisoners had to keep climbing or risk falling off.
The original purpose was supposedly "productive." As prisoners climbed, the wheel's rotation powered gears that could grind grain or pump water—which is where the name "treadmill" comes from. Prison administrators sold it as teaching inmates "habits of industry" and reform through hard work. In reality, it was designed to be as punishing as possible.
Prisoners worked the treadmill for six to ten hours per day in shifts. During a typical session, an inmate would climb the equivalent of 5,000 to 14,000 vertical feet—that's like hiking up a mountain every single day. The physical toll was devastating, especially combined with the poor prison diets of the era.
The treadmill spread rapidly. Within a decade, over 50 prisons in England and the United States had installed treadmills. Victorian society embraced them as the perfect punishment—monotonous, exhausting, and impossible to escape. A New York prison guard in 1824 wrote that it was the treadmill's "monotonous steadiness, and not its severity, which constitutes its terror."
But here's the dark twist: many treadmills eventually stopped being connected to anything useful. Prisoners climbed for hours grinding absolutely nothing—just moving a wheel that accomplished zero productive work. This was called "grinding air," and it was pure torture disguised as labor. The punishment became the entire point.
Famous prisoners walked the treadmill, including Oscar Wilde. When Wilde was sentenced to two years of hard labor in 1895 for "gross indecency," part of his punishment was walking the penal treadmill at Pentonville Prison. The experience nearly killed him—he developed severe health problems and never fully recovered.
By the late 1800s, even Victorian society—which loved harsh punishments—decided the treadmill was too cruel. Britain abolished penal treadmills in 1902 under the Prison Act of 1898. The machines were dismantled and largely forgotten as relics of a barbaric era in criminal justice.
Then something bizarre happened. In the 1960s, Dr. Kenneth Cooper published research on the health benefits of aerobic exercise, and someone had the brilliant idea to resurrect the Victorian torture device as a fitness machine. The first consumer treadmill, called the PaceMaster 600, was developed in the late 1960s for home use. By the 1980s, treadmills became the top-selling piece of exercise equipment in America.
So the next time you're grinding away on a treadmill at the gym, remember: you're voluntarily doing what Victorian prisoners were forced to do as punishment. We pay monthly gym memberships to experience what 19th-century societies considered inhumane torture. The machine was literally designed to break people—we just rebranded it as "wellness."